Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

Hey guys in this video we're going to talk about the energy carried by electromagnetic waves and a quantity related to the energy called the intensity let's get to it. Now there are two types of energy carried by electromagnetic waves as the name would apply there is electric energy and there is magnetic energy now the way that energy is typically discussed in the context of electromagnetic waves is always by discussing the energy density remember little U lower case U the energy density is the energy per unit volume the energy density carried by an electromagnetic wave is split up into those two categories you have electric energy which is one half epsilon not E squared whatever the electric field strength happens to be and the magnetic energy which is one half B squared over Mu not whatever the magnetic field strength happens to be right obviously more magnetic field strength more electric field strength more energy, so the total carry the total energy density carried by an electromagnetic wave is just the sum of those two parts of energy that it carries. One half epsilon not E squared plus one half B squared over Mu not now the thing to remember is that the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength are always related to one another in an electromagnetic wave we've seen instances before where we talked about individual charges producing an electric field or a moving charge producing a magnetic field or a moving charge in a magnetic field in an electric field etc. Those were disconnected electric and magnetic fields when you're talking specifically about an electromagnetic wave where you have paired electric and magnetic fields producing light then the electric field strength the magnetic field strength are always related to each other by the speed of light and if you use a substitution for what speed of light is the definition of the speed of light which we saw before which depends upon the permitivity and the permeability you can rewrite this summation as simply epsilon not E squared this is the simplest way to represented it just know what the electric field strength is of your electromagnetic wave square it multiply it by the permitivity of free space by epsilon not. Now it's useful to define a quantity that is known as the pointing flux which is the power carried per unit area by a wave by an electromagnetic wave now the thing is that because electromagnetic waves oscillate the pointing flux oscillates as well remember that in an electromagnetic wave let me minimise myself you're going to have an electric field that's oscillating up and down right, so here you have no electric field so you have no pointing flux here you have a maximum electric field so you have a maximum pointing flux here you have no electric field minimum pointing flux here you have maximum electric field again it's negative but the pointing flux depends upon the electric field squared so you have the maximum pointing flux again. Now the intensity of the wave which is the average of the pointing flux. That is a very very important thing to know, that tells you on average how much power is delivered or how much power is carried by a wave per unit area on average and with the sinusoidal waves the average of E squared this is something that we talked about or something that you saw during alternating currents that the average of E itself is going to be 0 but the average of E squared is going to be one half E squared so that's where you get this one half from so that intensity is just one half times epsilon not which is the permittivity of free space times C which is the speed of light times E squared max. Now I specifically put maximum indicating these positions right that is the amplitude of the oscillation.

Alright guys let's do a quick example and then be done with this a laser outputs light at an average of 0.5 nano watts if the light is emitted from the laser and its cylindrical beam of radius 0.5 millimetres what's the intensity of the light what is the maximum value of the electric field. The intensity is just going to be the average power per unit area in this case the beam is emitted cylindricaly so the area is just going to be that front circular cross-section of the cylinder so the area is just going to be that area of the cylinder and its radius is 0.5 millimetres. The intensity is going to be that average power divided by that area the average power we are told is 0.5 nanowatts nano is 10 to the -9 the area of a circle is just Pi R squared so Pi times 0.5 millimetres milli is 10 to the -3 don't forget squared and that whole thing equals 0.00064 watts per meter squared. Power is in units of watts and area is in units of meters squared now if we want to find the maximum electric field which is the next part of the question we simply need to use this equation. We can also say that the intensity is one half epsilon not C times E max squared I want to multiply the two up divide both the epsilon not and the C over and then I need to take the square root. So E max is the square root of two times I right I multiply the two up I divided epsilon not n C. This whole thing is 2 times 0.00064 divided by 8.85 times 10 to the -12, 3 times 10 to the 8. If you don't remember those numbers that's fine you can just look them up you are not expected to remember them. The speed of light you will be expected to remember, but not epsilon not right this whole thing is just 0.69 newtons per coulomb. Alright guys that wraps up our discussion on the energy carried by these electromagnetic waves. Thanks for watching.