Overview of Cancer

True or FalseEach daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition.Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide; cancer cells do not undergo this process. Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules. Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G2 phase. Lipid rafts, found in the cell outer membrane surface, are concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules or for protein molecules needed for cell signaling. Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles. The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules. Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis the following order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication. The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells? A) They exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in cultureB)  They must be attached to a substrate to divide in cultureC) They evade the normal controls that trigger programmed cell deathD) They stop dividing in culture when growth factors are depleted. 

Researchers began a study of cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away? A) The cells originated in the nervous systemB) The cells show characteristics of tumorsC) The cells have altered series of cell cycle phasesD) The cells were originally derived from an elderly organism

This data table lists the most common types of cancer in the United States, and includes information on the known or likely carcinogens, estimated cases per year, and estimated deaths per year in 2014.Cancer in the United States (Ranked by number of cases)CancerKnown or Likely Carcinogens or FactorsEstimated cases (2014)Estimated deaths (2014)BreastEstrogen; possibly dietary fat235,00040,400ProstateTestosterone; possibly dietary fat233,00029,500LungCigarette smoke224,000159,000Colon and rectumHigh dietary fat; low dietary fiber136,80050,310SkinUltraviolet light81,20013,000LymphomasViruses (for some types)80,00020,100BladderCigarette smoke74,70015,600UterusEstrogen65,00012,600KidneyCigarette smoke63,90013,900LeukemiasX-rays; benzene; viruses (for some types)52,40024,100PancreasCigarette smoke46,40039,600LiverAlcohol; hepatitis viruses33,20023,000Brain and nerveTrauma; X-rays23,40014,300StomachTable salt; cigarette smoke12,4004,000OvaryLarge number of ovulation cycles22,00014,300CervixViruses; cigarette smoke12,4004,000All other Types259,940101,010Total1,665,540585,720Use the data table and your knowledge of cancer to identify which statements are true.Select all that apply.A. The combined survivability of all types of cancer is about 65%.B. Cancer of the cervix is the most survivable type of cancer.C. Cancers with higher numbers of cases will have higher deadliness percentages.D. Lung cancer is more deadly than cancer of the pancreas.E. Reducing risk factors might decrease the number of cancer cases, but would be unlikely to decrease the cancer deadliness percentages.